Granulation Plant Virus
Plant virology: Current Biology
Structurally, plant viruses consist of a protein capsid, which encloses the viral genome; moreover, a few groups of plant viruses have their capsid enclosed in a lipid bilayer (envelope) derived from the host, similar to …
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Granulation of Plant Products and Nutraceuticals
Extraction, on the other hand, offers standardization of the extracted and concentrated tincture, thereby diminishing the variability of the dry mass and its properties in the tincture. There are several ways in which the plant products are processed using different granulation techniques described in different chapters of this book.
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Antiviral RNA interference inhibits virus vertical transmission in plants
Parent-to-offspring vertical transmission of viruses such as Zika virus and HIV is uncommon in mammals, likely due to the presence of diverse antiviral immunity mechanisms, including passively transferred maternal antibodies. 1 By comparison, vertical transmission of plant viruses through seeds is more widespread, although often at very low rates. 2 Seed …
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Urea Granulation
UFT® fluid bed granulation for high efficiency and excellent quality. The urea melt, concentrated in the evaporation section of the urea synthesis plant, is fortified with a granulation agent and fed to the granulation plant applying the UFT® fluid bed urea granulation process. In there it is processed to high-grade solid urea granules.
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A rapid, simple, and highly efficient method for VIGS and in …
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is one of the most convenient and powerful methods of reverse genetics. In vitro-inoculation of plant virus is an important method for studying the interactions between viruses and plants. Agrobacterium-based infiltration has been widely adopted as a tool for VIGS and in vitro-inoculation of plant virus. Most agrobacterium …
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Imaging Techniques to Study Plant Virus Replication and …
Plant viruses are obligate parasites that need to usurp plant cell metabolism in order to infect their hosts. Imaging techniques have been used for quite a long time to study plant virus–host interactions, making it possible to have major advances in the knowledge of plant virus infection cycles. The imaging techniques used to study plant–virus interactions have …
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Unveiling the viroporin arsenal in plant viruses: Implications …
Viroporins are small, hydrophobic viral proteins that modify cellular membranes to form tiny pores for influx of ions and small molecules. Previously, viroporins were identified exclusively in vertebrate viruses. Recent studies have shown that both plant-infecting positive-sense single-stranded (+ss) and negative-sense single-stranded (-ss) RNA viruses also …
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Catalase regulation during plant-virus-vector interaction
Plant-virus-host interaction is a complex process involving several players. A constant arms race between the hosts and viruses has led to their co-evolution. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules that regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) has a wide host range and ...
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Review A critical review on granulation of pharmaceuticals …
Granulation is a technique for enlarging the particle size by a granulation process. The process is one of the most important operations in the production of solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules [[1], [2], [3]].The target drug and excipients are blended by granulation technology to provide an appropriate particle size distribution, which provides the basis for …
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Granulation Tissue
Granulation tissue is reddish connective tissue that forms on the surface of a wound when the wound is healing. ... Virus. August 25, 2018. Scientific Method. March 3, 2017. Hydrochloric Acid. April 23, 2020. Cellular Respiration. November 17, 2016. Endocrine System. February 13, 2017. Mitochondria. March 3, 2017. Plant Cell. April 5, 2017 ...
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Plant viruses exploit insect salivary GAPDH to modulate plant …
Salivary proteins of insect herbivores can suppress plant defenses, but the roles of many remain elusive. One such protein is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from the saliva of ...
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Variation and evolution of plant virus populations
Over the last 15 years, interest in plant virus evolution has re-emerged, as shown by the increasing number of papers published on this subject. In recent times, research in plant virus evolution has been viewed from a molecular, rather than populational, standpoint, and there is a need for work aim …
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Plant Viruses
Common plant viruses include mosaic viruses, spotted wilt viruses, and leaf curl viruses. Plant viruses are typically spread by either horizontal or verticle transmission. Viroids are single-stranded molecules of RNA that cause plant diseases that lead to underdevelopment.
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Design of a Dry Slag Granulation Plant for Blast Furnace No.
This article discusses the engineering and computational methodology of designing the main units of a blast-furnace slag dry granulation plant with a capacity of 1 million tons of slags per year, also intended for the recovery of slag heat. This plant can replace the slag wet granulation plant at blast furnace No. 5 at the iron and steel works of Severstal of the same …
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Insights into the Complexity and Functionality of Plant Virus …
Phosphorylation, the most extensive and pleiotropic form of protein posttranslation modification, is central to cellular signal transduction. Throughout the extensive co-evolution of …
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Introduction to Plant Viruses, the Invisible Foe
Plant viruses are unable to penetrate the plant cuticle and cell wall. It is believed that the virion enters the cytoplasm of the cell passively through wounds caused by mechanical damage to the cuticle and cell wall. The next phase of virus infection is the partial or complete removal of the coat protein shell of the virion in the cytoplasm.
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Evaluation of the suitability of a plant virus, pepper mild …
A metagenomic analysis has revealed that a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), an RNA virus (genus Tobamovirus, family Virgaviridae) that infects bell, hot, and ornamental peppers, is present at concentrations up to 10 9 virus particles per gram of human feces (Zhang et al., 2006).Because human feces are the most likely source of PMMoV in …
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Transmission through seeds: The unknown life of …
Does seed transmission contribute to virus epidemics? Seed infection provides the virus with means to persist for long periods of time when hosts and/or vectors are not available, as many seed-transmitted viruses can …
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Imaging Techniques to Study Plant Virus Replication and …
Plant viruses are obligate parasites that need to usurp plant cell metabolism in order to infect their hosts. Imaging techniques have been used for quite a long time to study plant virus–host interactions, making it possible to have major advances in the knowledge of plant virus infection cycles. The imaging techniques used to study plant ...
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Diversity of Plant Virus Populations: A Valuable Tool for
Plant viruses, as any other living organisms, differ genetically from each other as a result of processes (such as mutation, recombination and other forms of genetic exchange) that generate genetic variation in each generation during their reproduction and processes (such as selection, migration and genetic drift) that modulate this variation, determine the distribution of …
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Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-mediated recessive
Interestingly, of the 14 natural recessive resistance genes against plant viruses that have been cloned from diverse plant species thus far, 12 encode the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) or its isoform eIF(iso)4E. This review is intended to summarize the current state of knowledge about eIF4E and the possible mechanisms ...
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Granulation of fertilizers: Overview and equipment selection
Granulation plant involves other equipment besides the drum. The advantages of the rotary drum makes it the usual choice for fertilizer production through wet processing. Besides the already mentioned attributes, it is also an equipment of easy construction and operation. The highlight of the machine is the maintaining of cleanliness.
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Translation of Plant RNA Viruses
Plant RNA viruses encode essential viral proteins that depend on the host translation machinery for their expression. However, genomic RNAs of most plant RNA viruses lack the classical characteristics of eukaryotic …
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Plant viruses exploit insect salivary GAPDH to modulate …
It is believed that plant viruses in insect can exploit several salivary effectors to suppress plant defense against insects, thereby facilitating insect feeding and viral …
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Plant RNA Regulatory Network and RNA Granules in Virus …
Figure 2.Plant virus interactions with RNP granules. (A) Cabbage leaf curl virus nuclear-cytosol shuttle protein BV1 can bind to the promoter region of AS2 gene and induce its expression. AS2 is transported with BV1 to PBs where it activates DCP2-mediated decapping. Increased RNA decay down-regulates RNA silencing and consequently virus infection gets …
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THE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING OF GRANULATION …
involving both granulation and compression techniques 1.1. Granulation Rate Processes Granulation is a complex process with several competing physical phenomena occurring in the granulation vessel, which lead ultimately to the formation of the granules. We will divide these phenomena into three groups of rate processes (figure 1-3): 1.
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Antiviral RNA interference inhibits virus vertical transmission in plants
Known for over a century, seed transmission of plant viruses promotes trans-continental virus dissemination and provides the source of infection to trigger devastating disease epidemics in crops. However, it remains unknown whether there is a genetically defined immune pathway to suppress virus vert …
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Virus | Definition, Structure, & Facts | Britannica
virus, infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria.The name is from a Latin word meaning "slimy liquid" or "poison.". The earliest indications of the biological nature of viruses came from studies in 1892 by the Russian scientist Dmitry I. Ivanovsky and in 1898 by the Dutch scientist Martinus W. …
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Environmental Conditions Modulate Plant Virus Vertical …
Seed transmission is a major mode for plant virus persistence and dispersal, as it allows for virus survival within the seed in unfavorable conditions and facilitates spread when …
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AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO GRANULATION …
The TVA style drum granulator is utilized in most modern granulation plants, but this wasn't always the case. Prior to the 1950's, the most common granulated fertilizer was superphosphate (SSP) [6]. Many of the original superphosphate batch operation plants were retrofitted to produce granulated products by making use of
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